第二部分通过国际场景专项分类明确了管理重点，再经设计范围、标准、审批等关键环节的责任划分，构建起 “分类指引 - 权责明晰” 的核心管控体系。然而，该体系的落地生效，离不开标准化的设计成果文件作为载体，更需要专业化的实务操作提供支撑。接下来将聚焦设计成果文件管理、团队搭建、纠纷处理、设计后评价等实操事项，详解落地执行要点，最终形成 “理论 - 管控 - 落地” 的完整闭环，为项目高效合规推进提供全流程保障。
Part Two has clarified the management priorities through international scenario-specific classifications and established a core control system of "classification guidance - clear rights and responsibilities" by defining the responsibilities in key links such as design scope, standards, and approval. However, the effective implementation of this system cannot do without standardized design output documents as the carrier, nor can it be separated from professional practical operations for support. Next, we will focus on practical matters including design output document management, team establishment, dispute resolution, and design post-evaluation, elaborate on the key implementation points, and ultimately form a complete closed loop of "theory - control - implementation", providing full-process guarantee for the efficient and compliant advancement of projects.
四、国际EPC交钥匙工程设计管理与风险控制核心要点
(一)设计进度控制与风险防范
设计进度控制与风险防范的核心目标是确保设计进度与采购、施工等环节无缝衔接，避免因设计延误导致项目整体工期滞后，为实现这一目标，需采取多项关键管控措施，包括制定详细的设计进度计划并明确核心里程碑节点，建立科学的进度预警机制，清晰界定各阶段设计交付时限，主动协调解决设计与其他环节的进度冲突。
在风险防范方面，针对设计审批延误风险，需提前梳理审批流程、预留充足缓冲时间;针对设计变更导致的进度滞后风险，需规范变更审批流程、优化设计方案稳定性。针对跨境沟通效率低风险，需建立多语言沟通机制、明确专人对接负责，全方位保障设计进度有序推进。
4.Core Points of Design Management and Risk Control in International EPC Turnkey Projects
4.1 Design Schedule Control and Risk Prevention
The core goal of design schedule control and risk prevention is to ensure the seamless connection between the design schedule and links such as procurement and construction, and to avoid the overall project schedule delay caused by design delays. To achieve this goal, a number of key control measures need to be adopted, including formulating detailed design schedules and clarifying core milestone nodes, establishing scientific schedule early warning mechanisms, clearly defining the design delivery time limits for each stage, and proactively coordinating and resolving schedule conflicts between design and other links.
In terms of risk prevention, for the risk of design approval delays, it is necessary to sort out the approval process in advance and reserve sufficient buffer time; for the risk of schedule delays caused by design changes, it is necessary to standardize the change approval process and optimize the stability of the design scheme; for the risk of low cross-border communication efficiency, it is necessary to establish a multilingual communication mechanism and assign special personnel to take charge of coordination, comprehensively ensuring the orderly advancement of the design schedule.
(二)设计质量控制与风险防范
设计质量控制与风险防范的核心目标是确保设计成果符合合同约定、国际或属地标准及工程实际需求，杜绝各类设计缺陷，这就需要建立全流程质量管控体系，严格落实“自检-互检-专检”流程，必要时引入第三方设计咨询机构开展独立审核，强化设计成果的技术交底工作，对所有质量审核过程进行书面记录并留存备查。
在风险防范环节，针对设计标准适用错误风险，需提前梳理标准清单、组织专家开展论证工作。针对设计细节遗漏风险，需完善设计评审流程、细化设计文件内容。针对属地化合规风险，需充分适配当地地质、气候、施工条件等核心要素，从源头规避质量隐患与合规问题。
此外，需关注数据跨境合规风险，设计过程中涉及的地质勘察数据、项目核心技术数据如需跨境传输，需符合项目所在国《数据保护法》(如欧盟 GDPR)的要求，提前办理数据出境备案手续，在合同中明确数据安全责任。
4.2Design Quality Control and Risk Prevention
The core goal of design quality control and risk prevention is to ensure that design results meet contractual agreements, international or local standards, and actual engineering needs, and to eliminate various design defects. This requires establishing a full-process quality control system, strictly implementing the "self-inspection, mutual inspection, and special inspection" process, introducing third-party design consulting institutions to conduct independent reviews when necessary, strengthening the technical disclosure of design results, and maintaining written records of all quality review processes for future reference.
In the risk prevention link, for the risk of incorrect application of design standards, it is necessary to sort out the list of standards in advance and organize experts to conduct demonstration work; for the risk of omitted design details, it is necessary to improve the design review process and refine the content of design documents; for the risk of local compliance, it is necessary to fully adapt to core local elements such as geology, climate, and construction conditions, avoiding quality hazards and compliance issues from the source.
In addition, attention should be paid to the cross-border data compliance risk. If geological survey data, core project technical data, and other data involved in the design process need to be transmitted cross-border, they must comply with the requirements of the project-host country’s Data Protection Law (such as the EU GDPR). It is necessary to complete the cross-border data transfer filing procedures in advance and clarify data security responsibilities in the contract.
(三)设计变更控制与优化管理
设计变更控制与优化管理的核心目标是规范设计变更流程，有效控制变更引发的成本增加与工期延误，确保变更设计的合规性与合理性，为此需建立设计变更分级审批机制，明确一般变更与重大变更的界定标准及审批流程，清晰规范变更申请、审核、批准、实施的全流程要求，在变更实施前充分评估其对成本、工期、质量的潜在影响，对所有变更相关文件进行完整留存。
在风险防范方面，针对变更流程不规范风险，需制定标准化变更模板、明确各主体权责边界。针对变更成本失控风险，需提前约定变更计价方式。针对变更导致的设计冲突风险，需在变更完成后对整体设计进行全面复核，确保变更设计与整体设计协调一致。
4.3Design Change Control and Optimization Management
The core goal of design change control and optimization management is to standardize the design change process, effectively control cost increases and schedule delays caused by changes, and ensure the compliance and rationality of modified designs. To this end, it is necessary to establish a hierarchical approval mechanism for design changes, clarify the definition standards and approval processes for general changes and major changes, clearly regulate the entire process requirements of change application, review, approval, and implementation, fully assess the potential impact of changes on cost, schedule, and quality before implementation, and completely retain all change-related documents.
In terms of risk prevention, for the risk of irregular change processes, it is necessary to formulate standardized change templates and clarify the rights and responsibilities of each subject; for the risk of uncontrolled change costs, it is necessary to agree on the change pricing method in advance; for the risk of design conflicts caused by changes, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive review of the overall design after the change is completed to ensure the modified design is consistent with the overall design.
五、设计成果文件及设计管理相关实务事项
(一)设计成果文件的核心构成与管理要求
设计成果文件是设计管理工作的核心产出，其核心构成包括前期规划报告、可行性研究报告、基础设计图纸与说明、详细设计图纸与计算书、施工图纸、竣工图、设计变更文件、标准合规性说明、知识产权归属文件等关键资料，这些文件的编制与归档需符合国际通用格式，按需提供多语言版本，严格遵循签字盖章规范，实行电子与纸质档案双重归档管理，明确档案保管期限与移交流程。
在文件交付与验收环节，需清晰界定交付时限、交付方式与验收标准，建立完善的验收异议处理流程，确保设计成果文件交付规范、验收有序。
5.Design Output Documents and Practical Matters Related to Design Management
5.1 Core Composition and Management Requirements of Design Output Documents
Design output documents are the core output of design management work. Their core composition includes key materials such as pre-planning reports, feasibility study reports, basic design drawings and explanations, detailed design drawings and calculations, construction drawings, as-built drawings, design change documents, standard compliance explanations, and intellectual property ownership documents. The compilation and archiving of these documents must comply with international general formats, provide multilingual versions as needed, strictly follow signature and seal specifications, implement dual archiving management of electronic and paper files, and clarify the file retention period and transfer process.
In the link of document delivery and acceptance, it is necessary to clearly define the delivery time limit, delivery method, and acceptance standards, and establish an improved process for handling acceptance objections to ensure the standardized delivery and orderly acceptance of design output documents.
(二)设计管理相关实务核心事项
设计管理相关实务事项涵盖多个关键环节，设计管理团队需科学组建国际项目设计团队，合理吸纳属地化人才，明确团队内部职责分工，建立高效的跨区域协作机制。
设计技术交底需明确交底对象，包括施工单位、监理单位等相关方，梳理完整的交底内容，对交底过程进行详细记录并留存，建立后续技术答疑长效机制。设计现场服务需按需派驻现场设计代表，及时响应并解决施工过程中出现的设计问题，保障现场设计变更的快速高效处理。
设计纠纷处理需精准识别质量争议、责任争议、变更争议等不同纠纷类型，明确协商、仲裁、诉讼等多元化解决路径，优先选择机构仲裁(如 ICC、CIETAC、SIAC)，仲裁地建议选择与项目关联性强且司法环境公正的国家(如新加坡、中国)，准据法约定为属地法或中国法。针对知识产权侵权争议，可优先通过协商解决，协商不成的提交知识产权专属仲裁机构审理。需注意部分国家禁止约定境外仲裁，需提前由属地律师核查条款效力。
设计后评价则需在项目竣工后，全面评估设计管理工作成效，总结经验教训并提出优化建议，为后续国际EPC项目设计管理工作提供参考借鉴。
5.2 Core Practical Matters Related to Design Management
Practical matters related to design management cover multiple key links. The design management team shall scientifically establish an international project design team, reasonably recruit local talents, clarify the division of responsibilities within the team, and establish an efficient cross-regional collaboration mechanism.
For design technical disclosure, it is necessary to clarify the disclosure objects (including construction units, supervision units, and other relevant parties), sort out the complete disclosure content, keep detailed records of the disclosure process, and establish a long-term mechanism for subsequent technical inquiries. For on-site design services, it is necessary to dispatch on-site design representatives as needed, promptly respond to and resolve design issues arising during the construction process, and ensure the rapid and efficient handling of on-site design changes.
For the handling of design disputes, it is necessary to accurately identify different dispute types such as quality disputes, liability disputes, and change disputes, and clarify diversified resolution paths such as negotiation, arbitration, and litigation. Priority should be given to institutional arbitration (such as ICC, CIETAC, SIAC), and the arbitration venue is recommended to be a country with strong relevance to the project and a fair judicial environment (such as Singapore, China). The governing law shall be agreed as the local law or Chinese law. For intellectual property infringement disputes, negotiation can be prioritized; if negotiation fails, the case can be submitted to a specialized intellectual property arbitration institution for hearing. It should be noted that some countries prohibit agreeing on overseas arbitration, so the validity of the clause must be verified by local lawyers in advance.
Design post-evaluation shall comprehensively assess the effectiveness of design management work after project completion, summarize experience and lessons, and put forward optimization suggestions to provide reference for the design management of subsequent international EPC projects.
六、总结
本文对国际EPC交钥匙工程项目中的设计管理框架与相关法律风险进行了梳理，总结了设计范围、标准适用、审批程序、质量履约及知识产权等关键环节的责任划分要点，并就设计进度、质量控制、变更管理等核心问题提出了相应的管控思路。从发展趋势来看，未来国际EPC项目在设计管理中可能进一步融合数字化工具、强化多标准协同，并在风险防控、属地化适应等方面面临持续演进的需求。相关参与方需在此基础上不断完善管理机制，以应对日益复杂的国际工程环境。
6.Conclusion
This paper sorts out the design management framework and related legal risks in international EPC turnkey projects, summarizes the key points of responsibility division in key links such as design scope, standard application, approval procedures, quality performance, and intellectual property rights, and puts forward corresponding control ideas for core issues such as design schedule, quality control, and change management. From the perspective of development trends, design management in future international EPC projects may further integrate digital tools, strengthen multi-standard collaboration, and face evolving demands in risk prevention and control, localization adaptation, and other aspects. Relevant participants need to continuously improve their management mechanisms on this basis to cope with the increasingly complex international engineering environment.
参考文献
一、中国国内法、司法解释等文件：
[1]《建设项目工程总承包管理规范》
[2]《中华人民共和国建筑法》
[3]《建设工程质量管理条例》
[4]《建设工程勘察设计管理条例》
二、国际公约：
[5] 《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》(CISG)
[6]《承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约》(纽约公约)
三、学术著作：
[7]张水波、陈勇强：《国际工程总承包：EPC交钥匙合同与管理》，中国电力出版社2008年版
[8]王伍仁：《EPC工程总承包管理》，中国建筑工业出版社2008年版
[9]汪世宏、陈勇强：《国际工程咨询设计与总承包企业管理》，中国建筑工业出版社2010年版
四、期刊论文：
[10]周凯：《设计院牵头EPC模式下的项目管理》，载《四川水力发电》2025 年第3期
[11]王赫、张卫东：《国际EPC项目设计审批的问题与对策》，载《国际经济合作》2015年第9期
[12]夏书丹、刘秉新：《委内瑞拉EPC总承包项目设计工作本土化探析》，载《国际工程与劳务》2010年第7期