一、引言
随着全球化进程深入推进，国际工程合作日趋频繁，工程项目的规模与复杂性不断提升，人员管理作为项目管理的核心环节，其重要性愈发突出。国际工程项目参与方跨越国家与文化边界，人员构成多元、管理场景复杂，加之各国法律法规、行业规范存在差异，导致人员管理面临诸多挑战。2017版FIDIC(国际咨询工程师联合会)合同条件作为国际工程领域的通用合同范本，针对人员管理作出了更为细致、明确的约定，进一步规范了各方人员的履职要求，为化解国际工程项目人员管理分歧、规避管理风险提供了重要依据，在此背景下，基于2017版FIDIC合同条件系统研究国际工程项目人员管理的核心内容，具有重要的实践价值。
本文以2017版FIDIC合同条件(主要涵盖《施工合同条件》《设计采购施工(EPC)/交钥匙工程合同条件》)为核心依据，聚焦国际工程项目人员管理核心问题，结合国际工程实践经验，明确项目人员构成与角色定位、梳理关键岗位管理要点、识别管理重点与难点、分析潜在风险类型及防范措施、总结争议解决实践经验，最终形成系统化的人员管理思路，为国际工程项目参与方提供可落地的管理指引，助力提升国际工程项目人员管理规范化、专业化水平，保障国际工程项目顺利实施。
Introduction
With the deepening advancement of globalization, international engineering cooperation has become increasingly frequent, and the scale and complexity of engineering projects have continued to rise. As a core component of project management, personnel management has become increasingly prominent. International engineering projects involve participants across national and cultural boundaries, with diverse personnel composition and complex management scenarios. Coupled with differences in national laws, regulations and industrial codes, personnel management is confronted with numerous challenges.The FIDIC Conditions of Contract (2017 Edition), as a universal standard contract template in the field of international engineering, provides more detailed and explicit provisions on personnel management, further specifying the performance requirements of personnel of all parties. It offers an important basis for resolving disputes over personnel management and avoiding management risks in international engineering projects.Against this background, a systematic study on the core content of personnel management in international engineering projects based on the 2017 FIDIC Conditions of Contract carries significant practical value.
This study takes the 2017 FIDIC Conditions of Contract, encompassing the Conditions of Contract for Construction and the Conditions of Contract for EPC/Turnkey Projects, as its primary analytical framework. Centering on the core challenges of personnel management in international engineering projects, it integrates empirical insights from professional practice. The research meticulously clarifies the composition and functional roles of project personnel, systematizes the operational essentials of key position management, identifies critical management dilemmas and nuanced challenges. Furthermore, it conducts an in-depth analysis of potential risk categories and proactive mitigation strategies, and synthesizes valuable precedential experience in dispute resolution. Ultimately, this work establishes a comprehensive framework for personnel management, offering actionable and pragmatic guidelines for stakeholders involved in international engineering projects. It aims to facilitate the advancement of standardized and professional personnel management practices, thereby ensuring the seamless and successful execution of international engineering projects.
二、国际工程项目人员构成与角色定位
Personnel Composition and Role Definition in International Engineering Projects
国际工程项目的人员构成具有多元化、专业化、跨文化的特点，2017版FIDIC合同条件进一步细化了人员管理的相关条款，明确了各方人员的权利、义务及管理标准，为人员角色划分和职责履行提供了核心依据。结合项目管理实际，本文将国际工程项目人员划分为业主方、咨询方(工程师)、承包商方、分包商方及其他相关方，各参与方人员分工明确、权责清晰，协同推动项目落地实施。
Personnel composition in international engineering projects is characterized by diversity, professionalism and cross-cultural dimensions. The 2017 FIDIC Conditions of Contract further refine the provisions governing personnel management, clarifying the rights, obligations and management standards applicable to personnel of all parties, and providing a core basis for the delineation of roles and the performance of duties.Against the backdrop of practical project management, this paper categorizes the personnel involved in international engineering projects into the employer’s side, the consulting side (engineer), the contractor’s side, the subcontractor’s side and other relevant parties. Each party has well-defined division of labor, clear rights and obligations, and collaborates to promote the implementation of the project.
(一)业主方人员构成与角色定位
Composition and Role Definition of the Employer’s Personnel
业主方作为项目的发起者和所有者，其人员构成以决策、监督、协调为主，核心角色围绕项目整体目标推进，结合2017版FIDIC合同条件第2条“业主”相关条款，具体构成及定位如下：
As the initiator and owner of the project, the Employer’s personnel are mainly responsible for decision‑making, supervision and coordination, with their core roles oriented towards advancing the overall project objectives. In light of Clause 2 “The Employer” under the 2017 FIDIC Conditions of Contract, its specific composition and positioning are as follows:
1. 业主代表
Employer’s Representative
由业主指定并书面通知承包商和工程师，作为业主的全权代表，行使合同约定的业主权利，履行业主义务，包括但不限于批准工程师的重要指令、确认项目重大变更、支付工程款项、协调业主内部及与外部相关方(如当地政府、社区)的关系。2017版FIDIC明确要求业主代表的任命需书面告知，且其行为对业主具有约束力，若更换业主代表需提前通知相关方并说明理由。
The Employer’s Representative is appointed by the Employer and notified in writing to the Contractor and the Engineer, acting as the full‑authority representative of the Employer. Such representative exercises the Employer’s rights and performs the Employer’s obligations as stipulated in the Contract, including but not limited to approving important instructions issued by the Engineer, confirming major project variations, effecting project payments, and coordinating internal relations within the Employer as well as external relations with relevant parties such as local governments and communities. The 2017 FIDIC Conditions of Contract explicitly require that the appointment of the Employer’s Representative be communicated in writing and that all acts of the representative shall be binding upon the Employer. In the event of any replacement of the Employer’s Representative, the Employer shall give advance notice to the relevant parties and state the reasons therefor.
2. 决策层人员
Decision-making Personnel
包括业主高层管理人员(如项目总监、董事会成员)，负责制定项目整体战略、确定项目目标、审批项目预算及重大决策，对项目的投资效益和整体推进负责，确保项目符合业主的长期发展规划。
They include senior management of the Employer, such as project directors and members of the board of directors, who are responsible for formulating the overall project strategy, defining project objectives, approving project budgets and making major decisions. They are accountable for the investment efficiency and overall progress of the project, and ensure that the project is consistent with the Employer’s long‑term development plan.
3. 协调与支持人员
Coordination and Support Personnel
包括行政、财务、法务等岗位人员，负责项目的行政保障、资金管控、合同合规审核等工作，配合业主代表及决策层，确保项目各项工作合规、高效推进，同时对接当地税务、海关等部门，解决项目推进中的行政及法律相关问题。
业主方人员的核心定位是“决策引领、监督管控、协调保障”，需严格按照2017版FIDIC合同条件约定，尊重工程师的独立判断，不随意干预承包商的正常施工管理，同时保障自身义务的履行，如及时提供项目场地、支付工程款项等。
They include personnel in administrative, financial, legal and other positions, who are responsible for administrative support, fund control, contract compliance review and other work for the project. They cooperate with the Employer’s Representative and the decision-making level to ensure that all project activities are carried out in a compliant and efficient manner. Meanwhile, they liaise with local tax authorities, customs and other government departments to resolve administrative and legal issues arising during project implementation.
The core positioning of the Employer’s personnel is “decision-making leadership, supervision and control, coordination and support”. In strict accordance with the provisions of the 2017 FIDIC Conditions of Contract, they shall respect the independent judgment of the Engineer, refrain from arbitrary interference in the Contractor’s normal construction management, and fulfill their own obligations, such as timely provision of the project site and effecting project payments.
(二)咨询方(工程师)人员构成与角色定位
Personnel Composition and Role Definition of the Consulting Party (Engineer)
咨询方(工程师)是2017版FIDIC合同条件中的核心第三方，承担项目设计、监理与咨询等关键职能。其团队主要由专业技术人员构成，核心角色定位为“独立、公正、专业”。上述内容可结合2017版FIDIC合同条件第3条“工程师”相关条款予以具体阐述：
The Consulting Party (Engineer) is the core third party under the 2017 FIDIC Conditions of Contract, undertaking key functions such as project design, supervision and consulting services. Its team mainly consists of professional and technical personnel, with its core role defined as independent, impartial and professional.The above content may be elaborated in detail with reference to the relevant provisions of Clause 3 "The Engineer" under the 2017 FIDIC Conditions of Contract.
1. 总工程师
Chief Engineer
总工程师由咨询方指定，作为工程师的全权代表，负责统筹咨询方的所有技术及管理工作。其全面行使合同约定的工程师权利，具体包括审核承包商的施工方案、进度计划及工程量清单，签发工程指令、变更指令与支付证书，并调解业主与承包商之间的轻微争议，以确保项目在质量、进度及成本方面均符合合同要求。2017版FIDIC合同条件特别强调总工程师的独立性，要求其所有决策必须基于专业判断，不得偏袒任何一方。
The Chief Engineer shall be appointed by the Consulting Party (Engineer) as its fully authorized representative, who shall be responsible for overall planning and coordination of all technical and managerial affairs of the Consulting Party (Engineer). The Chief Engineer shall fully exercise all rights of the Engineer as stipulated in the Contract, including but not limited to reviewing the Contractor’s construction plans, progress schedules and bills of quantities, issuing engineering instructions, variation orders and payment certificates, and mediating minor disputes arising between the Employer and the Contractor, so as to ensure that the project complies with the contractual requirements in respect of quality, progress and cost. The 2017 Edition FIDIC Conditions of Contract specifically emphasize the independence of the Chief Engineer, requiring that all his decisions shall be made on the basis of professional judgment and shall not favor any party hereto.
2. 专业工程师
Professional Engineers
专业工程师涵盖结构、机电、岩土、造价等各专业领域，是具体专业技术工作的执行者。其主要职责包括审核施工图纸、监督施工工艺、核查工程量以及参与工程验收等，旨在为总工程师提供坚实的专业技术支持，保障项目在技术层面的合规性与专业性。
Professional Engineers cover various professional fields such as structural engineering, electrical and mechanical engineering, geotechnical engineering and cost engineering, and serve as the executors of specific professional and technical work. Their main responsibilities include reviewing construction drawings, supervising construction processes, verifying project quantities, and participating in project acceptance, with the purpose of providing solid professional and technical support for the Chief Engineer and ensuring the compliance and professionalism of the project at the technical level.
3. 监理人员
Supervisory Personnel
监理人员常驻项目施工现场，负责日常施工的一线监督。其工作内容涵盖检查施工质量、进度及安全状况，系统记录施工过程中的关键数据，及时发现并督促承包商整改问题，并向总工程师准确汇报现场实际情况，确保施工过程始终符合合同约定及相关技术规范。
Supervisory Personnel shall be permanently stationed at the project construction site and shall be responsible for on-site supervision of daily construction. Their work scope includes inspecting the construction quality, progress and safety status, systematically recording key data during the construction process, timely identifying and urging the Contractor to rectify existing problems, and accurately reporting the actual on-site conditions to the Chief Engineer, so as to ensure that the entire construction process is always in line with the contractual stipulations and relevant technical specifications.
(三)承包商方人员构成与角色定位
Personnel Composition and Role Definition of the Contractor
承包商方是项目施工的实施主体，其人员构成最为复杂，涵盖管理、技术、施工及后勤保障等多个岗位，核心角色体现为“按约施工、质量保障、风险自控”。以下结合2017版FIDIC合同条件第4条“承包商”及第6条“员工”相关条款，对承包商方主要岗位设置及其职责进行阐述：
The Contractor is the implementing entity of project construction, whose personnel composition is the most complex, covering multiple positions such as management, technology, construction and logistics support. Its core role is reflected in "constructing in accordance with the Contract, ensuring quality, and controlling risks independently". The following elaborates on the main post settings and their responsibilities of the Contractor with reference to the relevant provisions of Clause 4 "The Contractor" and Clause 6 "Employees" of the 2017 Edition FIDIC Conditions of Contract:
1. 承包商代表
Contractor’s Representative
承包商代表由承包商指定，并经业主和工程师批准，作为承包商的全权代表，统筹负责施工管理工作，全面履行合同约定的承包商义务。其主要职责包括组织施工队伍、制定施工计划、落实施工方案、协调现场施工，以及与业主和工程师进行日常对接，并对施工质量、进度、安全及成本负总责。根据2017版FIDIC合同条件，承包商代表的任命需经工程师同意;若需更换，应提前通知工程师，并提供替代人员的资质证明，经批准后方可正式更换。
The Contractor’s Representative shall be appointed by the Contractor and approved by the Employer and the Engineer, acting as the fully authorized representative of the Contractor, who shall be responsible for overall planning and management of construction work and fully perform the Contractor’s obligations as stipulated in the Contract. His main responsibilities include organizing the construction team, formulating construction plans, implementing construction schemes, coordinating on-site construction, conducting daily communication and liaison with the Employer and the Engineer, and assuming overall responsibility for the construction quality, progress, safety and cost. Pursuant to the 2017 Edition FIDIC Conditions of Contract, the appointment of the Contractor’s Representative shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer; if it is necessary to replace him, the Contractor shall give prior notice to the Engineer and provide the qualification certificates of the alternative person, and the replacement shall not be formally carried out until approved.
2. 管理团队
Management Team
管理团队涵盖项目副经理、进度管理师、成本管理师、安全管理师、质量管理师等岗位，负责项目管理的具体实施工作，包括编制进度计划、控制工程成本、落实安全措施、保障施工质量、协调分包商等，确保施工过程有序推进，并符合合同约定及相关规范要求。
The Management Team includes positions such as Deputy Project Manager, Schedule Manager, Cost Manager, Safety Manager and Quality Manager, which is responsible for the specific implementation of project management. Its responsibilities include formulating progress schedules, controlling project costs, implementing safety measures, ensuring construction quality, coordinating subcontractors, etc., so as to ensure the orderly progress of the construction process and compliance with the contractual stipulations and relevant specification requirements.
3. 技术团队
Technical Team
技术团队包括施工工程师、技术负责人、现场技术员等，负责施工技术指导、工艺优化、现场技术问题处理及施工图纸交底等工作，确保施工技术符合设计要求及行业规范，并配合工程师完成相关技术审核。
The Technical Team includes Construction Engineers, Technical Directors, on-site Technicians, etc., which is responsible for construction technical guidance, process optimization, handling of on-site technical problems, and disclosure of construction drawings, so as to ensure that the construction technology meets the design requirements and industry specifications, and cooperate with the Engineer in completing relevant technical reviews.
4. 施工队伍
Construction Team
施工队伍由技术工人、普通工人、特种作业人员等组成，是施工任务的具体执行者。其工作内容包括按照施工方案和技术要求开展现场作业，确保施工进度与质量，同时严格遵守现场安全与质量管理规定。2017版FIDIC要求承包商确保其施工人员具备相应资质与技能，特种作业人员须持有效证件上岗，承包商应对其人员的工作行为和质量负责。
此外，2017版FIDIC新增第6.12款“关键人员”条款，明确规定关键人员需事先获得工程师同意，且应为专职并常驻现场;若需临时离开，须经工程师同意并安排合格人员接替。所有关键人员应熟练掌握合同约定的交流语言。该条款进一步强化了对承包商核心人员的管理要求。
The Construction Team is composed of skilled workers, general workers, special operation personnel, etc., and is the specific executor of construction tasks. Its work content includes carrying out on-site operations in accordance with the construction schemes and technical requirements, ensuring the construction progress and quality, and strictly complying with the on-site safety and quality management regulations. The 2017 Edition FIDIC Conditions of Contract require the Contractor to ensure that its construction personnel have corresponding qualifications and skills; special operation personnel must take up their posts with valid certificates, and the Contractor shall be liable for the work behaviors and work quality of its personnel.
In addition, the 2017 Edition FIDIC Conditions of Contract adds a new Clause 6.12 "Key Personnel", which clearly stipulates that Key Personnel shall obtain the prior approval of the Engineer, and shall be full-time and permanently stationed on the project site; if it is necessary to leave temporarily, the prior approval of the Engineer shall be obtained and a qualified person shall be arranged to take over. All Key Personnel shall be proficient in the communication language stipulated in the Contract. This clause further strengthens the management requirements for the core personnel of the Contractor.
(四)分包商方人员构成与角色定位
Personnel Composition and Role Definition of the Subcontractor
国际工程项目中，承包商往往会根据工程复杂性与专业化分工，将部分专业工程(如钢结构、机电安装、幕墙工程等)交由具备相应资质的专业分包商承担。分包商方作为工程实施链条中的重要一环，其人员构成以专业技术与施工人员为主，核心角色体现为“专业施工、协同配合”。以下结合2017版FIDIC合同条件第4.4款“分包”相关条款，对分包商方主要岗位设置及其职责进行阐述：
In international engineering projects, the Contractor shall, in light of the complexity of the project and the professional division of labor, entrust some professional works (such as steel structure engineering, electrical and mechanical installation, curtain wall engineering, etc.) to professional subcontractors with corresponding qualifications. As an important link in the project implementation chain, the Subcontractor’s personnel composition mainly consists of professional and technical personnel and construction personnel, with its core role reflected in "professional construction and collaborative cooperation". The following elaborates on the main post settings and their responsibilities of the Subcontractor with reference to the relevant provisions of Clause 4.4 "Subcontracting" of the 2017 Edition FIDIC Conditions of Contract:
1. 分包商代表
Subcontractor’s Representative
分包商代表由分包商指定，作为其现场管理的全权负责人，负责与承包商进行日常对接，全面落实施工要求，统筹分包工程的施工组织与现场管理。其主要职责包括确保分包工程的质量、进度及安全符合合同约定，协调施工资源，处理现场技术问题，并积极配合工程师的监督与检查，保障分包工程与主体工程的协调推进。
The Subcontractor’s Representative shall be appointed by the Subcontractor as the fully authorized person in charge of its on-site management, who shall be responsible for daily communication and liaison with the Contractor, fully implement the construction requirements, and overall plan and coordinate the construction organization and on-site management of the subcontracting works. His main responsibilities include ensuring that the quality, progress and safety of the subcontracting works comply with the contractual stipulations, coordinating construction resources, handling on-site technical problems, and actively cooperating with the Engineer’s supervision and inspection to ensure the coordinated progress of the subcontracting works and the main works.
2. 专业技术与施工人员
Professional, Technical and Construction Personnel
专业技术与施工人员包括各专业领域的工程师、技术员、质检员及施工班组人员，具备相应的专业资质和技能。其核心任务是严格按照分包合同、施工方案及技术规范开展施工与技术指导，确保施工工艺符合设计要求和行业标准，同时做好与总包单位及其他分包单位的工序衔接，确保分包工程与整体工程无缝对接、协同推进。
需要特别强调的是，2017版FIDIC合同条件对分包管理提出了更为严格的连带责任要求。根据第4.4款，承包商需对分包商的人员管理承担连带责任，分包商的人员必须符合合同约定的资质条件，且分包商不得将所承揽的分包工程再次分包，除非合同另有明确约定。这意味着承包商须加强对分包商人员的监督与管理，确保其履职能力与履约行为符合合同要求，从而有效控制工程质量、进度及安全风险，维护项目整体实施的稳定性与合规性。
Professional, technical and construction personnel include engineers, technicians, quality inspectors and construction team personnel in various professional fields, who possess corresponding professional qualifications and skills. Their core task is to carry out construction and technical guidance in strict accordance with the subcontract, construction scheme and technical specifications, ensure that the construction process meets the design requirements and industry standards, and at the same time do a good job in the process connection with the general contractor and other subcontractors, so as to ensure the seamless connection and coordinated progress of the subcontracting works and the overall project.
It should be specially emphasized that the 2017 Edition FIDIC Conditions of Contract impose more stringent joint and several liability requirements on subcontract management. Pursuant to Clause 4.4, the Contractor shall be jointly and severally liable for the personnel management of the Subcontractor; the Subcontractor’s personnel must meet the qualification requirements stipulated in the Contract, and the Subcontractor shall not re-subcontract the subcontracting works it has undertaken unless otherwise explicitly agreed in the Contract. This means that the Contractor must strengthen the supervision and management of the Subcontractor’s personnel to ensure that their performance capacity and performance behaviors comply with the contractual requirements, so as to effectively control the risks of project quality, progress and safety, and maintain the stability and compliance of the overall project implementation.
三、国际工程项目关键岗位管理要点
Key Management Points for Critical Positions in International Engineering Projects
结合 2017 版 FIDIC 合同条件的相关约定，国际工程项目的关键岗位主要包括业主代表、总工程师、承包商代表、安全管理师、质量管理师等，这些岗位直接影响项目的推进效率和实施质量，其管理要点需严格遵循合同约定，同时结合项目实际情况优化完善，确保岗位职能有效发挥。
Pursuant to the relevant provisions of the 2017 Edition FIDIC Conditions of Contract, the critical positions in international engineering projects mainly include the Employer’s Representative, Chief Engineer, Contractor’s Representative, Safety Manager, Quality Manager, etc. These positions directly affect the efficiency and quality of project implementation. Their management points shall be carried out in strict compliance with contractual stipulations, and optimized in light of actual project conditions, so as to ensure the effective performance of their respective functions.
(一)业主代表管理要点
Management Points for the Employer’s Representative
1. 资质与能力要求
Qualifications and Competence Requirements
业主代表应具备丰富的国际工程项目管理经验，熟练掌握 2017 版 FIDIC 合同条件，熟悉项目所在国法律法规与行业惯例。同时应具备较强的决策判断、统筹协调与跨文化沟通能力，能够独立处理项目实施过程中的重大问题，代表业主依法依规履行合同约定的权利与义务。
The Employer’s Representative shall possess extensive experience in international engineering project management, be proficient in the 2017 Edition FIDIC Conditions of Contract, and familiar with the laws, regulations and industrial practices of the host country. Meanwhile, the Employer’s Representative shall have strong capabilities in decision-making, overall coordination and cross-cultural communication, be capable of independently handling major issues during project implementation, and exercise the rights and perform the obligations of the Employer in accordance with the Contract and applicable laws.
2. 权责明确
Clear Rights and Responsibilities
业主代表应严格按照 2017 版 FIDIC 合同条件及项目合同约定，清晰界定自身权限边界，不得越权行使职权，尤其不得擅自签发工程变更指令、无故拒绝支付工程款项等。所有重大事项决策须经业主决策层正式批准后方可执行，并完整留存决策过程与依据，确保决策行为合法合规、全程可追溯。
The Employer’s Representative shall clearly define the scope of authority in strict accordance with the 2017 Edition FIDIC Conditions of Contract and the project agreement, and shall not act ultra vires. In particular, the Employer’s Representative shall not issue variation orders without authorization or unjustifiably refuse to make project payments. Decisions on all material matters shall be formally approved by the Employer’s decision-making level before implementation, with complete records of the decision-making process and basis retained, so as to ensure that all decisions are lawful, compliant and fully traceable.
3. 沟通协调
Communication and Coordination
业主代表应建立常态化、制度化的沟通机制，定期与工程师、承包商代表对接项目进展，及时协调解决现场实施中的关键问题，包括项目场地提供、工程款项支付、外部关系协调等。同时应及时、准确地向业主决策层汇报项目重要信息，保障内部与外部信息传递高效畅通。
The Employer’s Representative shall establish a regular and institutionalized communication mechanism, conduct regular liaison with the Engineer and the Contractor’s Representative on project progress, and timely coordinate and resolve key on-site issues, including provision of the site, project payments, and coordination of external relations. Meanwhile, the Employer’s Representative shall promptly and accurately report important project information to the Employer’s decision-making level, so as to ensure efficient and unobstructed internal and external information transmission.
4. 监督管理
Supervision and Management
业主代表负责对项目实施全过程进行监督管控，监督工程师独立、公正地履行审核与监理职责，监督承包商严格按照合同约定组织施工。对承包商存在的违约行为应及时发现、制止并要求整改，确保项目质量、进度、成本与安全控制符合合同目标，并配合当地政府主管部门开展各类监督检查工作。
The Employer’s Representative shall be responsible for the supervision and control of the entire project implementation process, oversee the Engineer’s independent and impartial performance of review and supervision duties, and supervise the Contractor in organizing construction in strict compliance with contractual stipulations. Any breach by the Contractor shall be promptly identified, stopped and required to be rectified, so as to ensure that project quality, progress, cost and safety control meet contractual objectives. The Employer’s Representative shall also cooperate with relevant local government authorities in conducting various supervision and inspection activities.
(二)总工程师管理要点
Management Points for the Chief Engineer
1. 独立性与专业保障性
Independence and Professional Support
工程师应严格遵循 2017 版 FIDIC 合同条件确立的独立判断原则，在执业过程中保持中立，不偏袒业主或承包商任何一方，始终以专业知识、行业规范与合同约定为依据作出客观决策，保证决策的公正性与专业性。同时，工程师应具备丰富的国际工程设计与监理经验，熟悉项目所在国技术标准与行业规范，具备独立处理复杂技术问题的能力。
The Engineer shall strictly abide by the principle of independent judgment established under the 2017 Edition FIDIC Conditions of Contract, maintain neutrality in practice without favoring either the Employer or the Contractor, and make objective decisions based on professional knowledge, industrial standards and contractual stipulations at all times, so as to ensure the fairness and professionalism of decisions. Meanwhile, the Engineer shall possess extensive experience in international engineering design and supervision, be familiar with the technical standards and industrial norms of the host country, and be capable of independently resolving complex technical issues.
2. 指令管理
Instruction Management
工程师签发的工程指令、变更指令、支付证书等均应采用书面形式，明确指令内容、执行要求与完成期限，并建立完整的记录与归档制度，确保指令全程可追溯。指令签发必须符合合同约定的权限范围，严禁擅自签发越权指令;对涉及重大变更的指令，应充分征求业主与承包商双方意见，履行相应程序后再正式出具。
All engineering instructions, variation orders, payment certificates and other documents issued by the Engineer shall be in written form, specifying the content, implementation requirements and completion deadlines. A complete recording and filing system shall be established to ensure full traceability of all instructions. Instructions must be issued within the scope of authority stipulated in the Contract; ultra vires instructions are strictly prohibited. For instructions involving material variations, the views of both the Employer and the Contractor shall be fully solicited, and relevant procedures shall be completed before formal issuance.
3. 现场监督
On-site Supervision
工程师应统筹监理团队开展全过程现场监督，定期对施工现场进行巡查，重点检查施工质量、进度、安全、环保等措施的落实情况。对现场发现的问题，应及时督促承包商限期整改，并留存完整的监督、检查及整改记录，为工程验收、中期支付与最终结算提供真实、有效的依据。
The Engineer shall coordinate the supervision team to carry out full-process on-site supervision and conduct regular inspections of the construction site, focusing on the implementation of construction quality, progress, safety, environmental protection and other measures. Any on-site defects shall be promptly referred to the Contractor for rectification within a specified time limit, with complete records of supervision, inspection and rectification retained, so as to provide authentic and valid evidence for project acceptance, interim payments and final settlement.
4. 争议调解
Dispute Mediation
依据 2017 版 FIDIC 合同条件相关规定，工程师承担业主与承包商之间轻微争议的调解职责。在争议处理过程中，应坚持公平、公正、合理原则，充分听取双方陈述与理由，在查清事实的基础上提出专业、可行的调解方案，引导双方协商解决分歧，防止争议扩大化或升级为正式纠纷。
Pursuant to the relevant provisions of the 2017 Edition FIDIC Conditions of Contract, the Engineer shall be responsible for mediating minor disputes between the Employer and the Contractor. In dispute settlement, the Engineer shall adhere to the principles of fairness, impartiality and reasonableness, fully consider the statements and grounds of both parties, and put forward professional and feasible mediation proposals on the basis of ascertaining facts, so as to guide the parties to resolve differences through consultation and prevent disputes from expanding or escalating into formal conflicts.
(三)承包商代表管理要点
Management Points for the Contractor’s Representative
1. 资格审核与批准
Qualification Review and Approval
按照 2017 版 FIDIC 合同条件相关约定，承包商代表的任命必须经工程师和业主共同批准。承包商需向双方提交承包商代表的完整资质证明，包括但不限于专业资格证书、国际工程项目管理经验证明等，确保其具备胜任岗位所需的管理能力与专业水平。若因特殊情况需更换承包商代表，需提前书面通知工程师和业主，同步提交替代人员的资质证明文件，经双方审核批准后，方可完成人员更换，严禁擅自更换承包商代表。
In accordance with the relevant stipulations of the 2017 Edition FIDIC Conditions of Contract, the appointment of the Contractor’s Representative must be approved jointly by the Engineer and the Employer. The Contractor shall submit complete qualification documents of the Contractor’s Representative to both parties, including but not limited to professional certificates and evidence of international engineering project management experience, so as to ensure that the appointee possesses the managerial and professional competence required for the position. If the Contractor’s Representative needs to be replaced due to special circumstances, the Engineer and the Employer shall be notified in writing in advance, and qualification documents of the replacement shall be submitted simultaneously. The replacement may only be completed after review and approval by both parties; unauthorized replacement is strictly prohibited.
2. 合同履行
Contract Performance
承包商代表需全面履行 2017 版 FIDIC 合同条件及项目合同约定的承包商义务，统筹负责施工现场的各项管理工作。需结合项目实际制定科学合理的施工计划与施工方案，有序组织施工队伍开展作业，严格把控项目质量、进度、安全及成本管控，确保各项指标符合合同约定标准。同时，需及时响应工程师签发的各类指令，主动配合工程师开展现场监督、检查工作，按时提交进度报告、工程量清单等相关资料，保障项目施工有序推进。
The Contractor’s Representative shall fully perform the Contractor’s obligations stipulated in the 2017 Edition FIDIC Conditions of Contract and the project agreement, and be responsible for the overall on-site construction management. Scientific and reasonable construction plans and schemes shall be formulated based on actual project conditions to organize the construction team in orderly operations, with strict control over project quality, progress, safety and cost, so as to ensure that all indicators meet contractual standards. Meanwhile, the Contractor’s Representative shall respond promptly to all instructions issued by the Engineer, take the initiative to cooperate with the Engineer in on-site supervision and inspection, and submit progress reports, bills of quantities and other relevant materials on schedule, so as to ensure orderly construction.
3. 团队管理
Team Management
承包商代表需加强对承包商内部管理团队、技术团队及施工队伍的统筹管理，明确各岗位的职责分工，建立科学有效的考核激励机制，不断提升团队的凝聚力与执行力。同时，需严格遵循 2017 版 FIDIC 合同条件要求，对所有施工人员的资质、技能进行严格审核，确保施工人员具备岗位所需的资质与能力;定期组织施工人员开展专业技能、安全规范等相关培训，加强日常管理，规范施工人员的作业行为，保障施工过程合规有序。
The Contractor’s Representative shall strengthen the overall management of the Contractor’s internal management team, technical team and construction team, clarify the division of responsibilities for each position, establish a scientific and effective assessment and incentive mechanism, and continuously enhance team cohesion and execution. Meanwhile, in strict compliance with the 2017 Edition FIDIC Conditions of Contract, the qualifications and skills of all construction personnel shall be rigorously reviewed to ensure they possess the required qualifications and competence. Regular training on professional skills and safety regulations shall be organized to strengthen daily management, standardize construction operations, and ensure compliant and orderly construction.
4. 沟通对接
Communication and Liaison
承包商代表需建立常态化、规范化的沟通对接机制，定期与业主代表、总工程师对接项目施工进展情况，主动反馈施工过程中出现的各类问题，包括但不限于场地交付问题、设计优化问题、物资供应问题等，积极主动协调各方资源解决问题，确保项目顺利推进。同时，需加强与分包商的沟通对接，严格监督分包商履行分包合同约定，督促分包商把控分包工程的质量与进度，确保分包工程与整体工程衔接顺畅、同步推进。
The Contractor’s Representative shall establish a regular and standardized communication and liaison mechanism, conduct regular meetings with the Employer’s Representative and the Chief Engineer on construction progress, and proactively report various issues arising during construction, including but not limited to site handover, design optimization, and material supply, and actively coordinate resources among all parties to resolve problems and ensure smooth project progress. Meanwhile, the Contractor’s Representative shall strengthen communication with Subcontractors, strictly supervise their performance of subcontract agreements, and urge them to control the quality and progress of subcontract works, so as to ensure smooth and synchronized interface between subcontract works and the overall project.
参考文献:
一、中国国内法、司法解释等文件：
[1]《中华人民共和国招标投标法》
[2]《中华人民共和国外商投资法》
[3]《中华人民共和国仲裁法》
[4]《中华人民共和国劳动合同法》
[5]《对外劳务合作管理条例》
二、国际公约与多边条约
[6]《承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约》(《纽约公约》)
[7]《工商业与人权指导原则》(联合国，2011)
[8]《联合国国际贸易法委员会仲裁规则》
三、网络资源：
[9] 最高人民法院第三巡回法庭。陆忠平诉杭州市拱墅区人力资源和社会保障局工伤行政确认案 [EB/OL]. 最高人民法院官网，2019-01-24. https://www.court.gov.cn/xunhui3/xiangqing/147032.html.
[10] 最高人民法院。涉欠薪纠纷典型案例之二：陆某等 11 人与某金属公司等追索劳动报酬纠纷案 [EB/OL]. 最高人民法院官网，2024-12-23.https://www.court.gov.cn/zixun/xiangqing/450661.html.
作者简介：
刘俊丽，高级合伙人，管理主任，国际工程与PPP业务部主任、合伙人会议薪酬与分配委员会主任
拥有24+年法律工作经验，累计办理案件700余件，经办案件标的额超1000亿元人民币。专注于国际 / 国内建设工程投建运全生命周期法律服务(PPP、BOT、EPC、FIDIC等);政府与社会资本合作及特许经营项目全生命周期法律服务;新基建、新能源项目投建营全生命周期法律服务;能源与环境工程(EOD)投建运全生命周期法律服务;并深耕上述领域重大疑难争议解决法律服务。
国际工程与PPP业务团队
「三级 + 四化」全维度服务保障
刘俊丽主任团队搭建了「三层三级」组织架构，推行核心骨干主导 + 执行层高效协同 + 各地分支机构及合作咨询机构联动补位的服务模式，实现专业服务能力与人力调配灵活性的双重保障。
团队以专业化、行业化、团队化、国际化为发展内核，成员均为深耕国内外大型基础设施与公共服务领域的专业律师，多数具备工程、法律双专业背景;同时长期与战略投资、工程咨询等领域专业机构深度合作，组建跨领域服务联盟，为客户提供一体化解决方案。
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